Saturday, December 1, 2012

Arduino Due DDS - Part 1 - Sinewaves and Fixed Point Maths

This post provides a quick introduction to Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) on the Arduino Due. The sample sketch outputs a sinewave at a 44.1Khz sample rate with 12 bit resolution using the built in Digital To Analog Converter (DAC).

A related sketch which provides more interesting audio output without the explanation can be found here -
http://rcarduino.blogspot.com/2012/11/quick-and-dirty-synth-for-arduino-due.html

All of the Audio projects on RCArduino are based on this same DDS technique described below, see the following links for DDS Projects -
http://rcarduino.blogspot.com/2012/10/five-dollar-synthesiser.html
http://rcarduino.blogspot.com/2012/08/the-must-build-arduino-project-illutron.html

http://rcarduino.blogspot.com/2012/11/auduino-with-delay.html
http://rcarduino.blogspot.com/2012/08/adding-audio-to-arduino-projects.html
http://rcarduino.blogspot.com/2012/10/arduino-modular-synthesizer-part-one.html

Direct Digital Synthesis - Introduction
DDS is a common approach to generating sinewave output from digital systems. The approach is based around outputting samples from a description of the required waveform held in memory. The description is an array of samples which can be traversed to plot the waveform onscreen or by using DDS can generate a sinewave output at a selected frequency.

The 600 sample 12 Bit sine wave table used in the sketch below plotted on screen using processing -

The 128 sample 8 Bit wave tables used in the Illutron B synth -


Direct Digital Synthesis - Sample Rate
To generate an output waveform we need a way to regularly update the output value, we do this by using a timer interrupt. The frequency of this interrupt is termed the sample rate, in our case we are using a 44.1Khz sample rate meaning that we have an interrupt triggering 44,100 times per second.

As this interrupt is triggering at such a high rate it is very important that we keep it efficient, this is the reason for using a pre computed wavetable rather than computing the sine samples on the fly.

Direct Digital Synthesis - Frequency Generation
We can generate different frequencies by changing the rate at which we traverse through the wave table. One pass through the wavetable provides one complete cycle of the selected waveform (sine in our case). If we pass through the table once in 44,100 interrupts we generate a frequency of 1Hz, if we pass through 100 times faster, we get a sinewave output at a frequency of 100Hz.

Direct Digital Synthesis - Implementation and Terminology
The following terms are commonly used in reference to DDS and variations are used throughout the RC Arduino audio projects.

1) Phase Accumulator - this is an array index which points to the current sample in the selected wavetable.
2) Phase Increment - this value is used to advance the Phase Accumulator each time the interrupt is called.

Example usage of the phase accumulator used inside the timer interrupt to select the next sample in the wave table array -

// Update the phase accumulator by adding the phase increment
ulPhaseAccumulator += ulPhaseIncrement;

// get the current sample from the sine table using the phase accumulator as the index  
uint32_t ulOutput = nSineTable[ulPhaseAccumulator>>20];

Direct Digital Synthesis - Fixed Point Maths
To generate a full range of frequencies we will often need to use fractional values for our phase accumulator.


The usual method of working with fractional values is to use the float data type however in DDS we need our interrupts to run as fast as possible. With very few exceptions microcontrollers are not able to process the float data type at high speed, the solution is to use fixed point integer maths. 

Fixed Points For Higher Integer Precision
There are many applications of fixed point arithmetic but in DDS the main use is to provide increased precision - equivalent to having many decimal points while still using the high speed integer (whole number) data type.

To get extra precision we use more bits than we need to represent our data range. For example the sample code below has a wave table size of 600 samples so the range of we need for our phase accumulator is 0 to 599.

We can represent this range with 10 bits but if we use 16 bits we have 6 additional bits of precession.


16 Bit Integer














Bit  15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Value 32768 16384 8192 4096 2048 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

















Fixed Point 10.6 using 16 Bit Integer












Bit  15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Value 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25 0.125 0.0625 0.0313

We use this additional precision to perform fractional addition to the phase accumulator, the 10.6 format gives 1/32 precision as the least significant bit.

Fixed point addition - we know its fixed point, the compiler doesn't

// Update the phase accumulator by adding the phase increment
ulPhaseAccumulator += ulPhaseIncrement;  

This line of code is actually adding two fixed point numbers, part of the trick is that the compiler does not know this, it sees them simply as two integers which it processes using very fast hardware integer addition.

When we want to use the phase accumulator as the array index, we perform an arithmetic shift six places to the right, this drops off the six bits of additional precession and leaves us with a 10 bit integer value for the array index.

// drop the six bits of additional precision and access the remaining 10 bits as an integer array index in the range 0 - 599

uint16_t unOutputValue = sineTable[ulPhaseAccumulator>>6];

The only trick to fixed point maths is to figure out a scheme which will work for your project and stick to it. Remember the compiler does not know that you are treating part of the number as fractions so the responsibility is on you the programmer to keep consistency.

Fixed Point In The RCArduino DDS Example Sketch
The standard data type for the 32 bit Arduino Due is a 32 bit integer, this gives us scope for very high levels of precession in integer maths. The scheme used for the phase increment and phase accumulator variables in the sample sketch is 12.20 (12+20 = 32 Bits) this can be seen in the following line of code where the precision is shifted out to access the pure 12 bit integer value -

uint32_t ulOutput = nSineTable[ulPhaseAccumulator>>20];

Where ever you see code that makes extensive use of '>>' operations you might be looking at fixed point arithmetic, in a follow up post we will look at how we perform fast fixed point multiplication. This is another key to fast and flexible synthesizer engines.

Fixed Point Multiplication is used in Audio synthesis to apply envelopes and amplitude modulation.

Envelope Applied to a DDS sine wave using Fixed Point Maths in the Illutron B Project -

DDS Sinewave for Arduino Due - The Sketch
Use a potentiometer connected to analog pin 0 to control the pitch. To hear the output you can use an amplifier circuit such as this one used throughout RCArduino - 

http://rcarduino.blogspot.com/2012/08/adding-audio-to-arduino-projects.html

The sinewave is output through DAC0 - Note that the DAC does not provide a full 0-3.3volt swing, this is a hardware limitation of the SAM3X8E chip.


Caution : The SAM3X8E microcontroller at the heart of the Arduino Due is less able to sink and source current than the AVR family of chips used in the 8-Bit Arduinos. See the update below for the most recent recommendations - 

Update 09/06/2013 - Gaétan Ro has taken things much further in the latest build of his Groovuino project. The Project uses the technique described here combined with some sensors, a sequencer and filter to produce a really nice sounding groovebox. I plan to build one of these for myself and hope to be able to help Gaétan with its further development.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EqI2hEVbMPI

Gaéta's blog -  http://groovuino.blogspot.com/

Update 28/03/2013 : There is little information on the SAM3X8E DAC in the datasheet however Arduino forum used 'stimmer' has found recommendations on a closely related chip which suggest that a 2K Ohm resistor should be placed as a series current limiting resistor between the DAC Output and the load. This assumes that the load has no resistance of its own which will be the case if you accidentally short something, if you know the resistance of your load, you can reduce this value, if not, its a reasonable starting point and will protect against accidents. For more information see the original thread here - http://arduino.cc/forum/index.php/topic,139733.15.html

Update 28/03/2013 : Gaétan Ro has been building on the techniques here to produce an Arduino Due based groove box he is calling the 'Groovuino'. You can hear a clip of the project in action here -

https://soundcloud.com/gaetino/groovuino

And follow the future development on the blog Gaétan has started here -

http://groovuino.blogspot.ae/

// RCArduino DDS Sinewave for Arduino Due
// RCArduino DDS Sinewave by RCArduino is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
// Based on a work at rcarduino.blogspot.com.

// For helpful background information on Arduino Due Timer Configuration, refer to the following link
// thanks to Sebastian Vik
// http://arduino.cc/forum/index.php?action=post;topic=130423.15;num_replies=20

// For background information on the DDS Technique see
// http://interface.khm.de/index.php/lab/experiments/arduino-dds-sinewave-generator/

// For audio sketches making extensive use of DDS Techniques, search the RCArduino Blog
// for the tags Audio or synth

// These are the clock frequencies available to the timers /2,/8,/32,/128
// 84Mhz/2 = 42.000 MHz
// 84Mhz/8 = 10.500 MHz
// 84Mhz/32 = 2.625 MHz
// 84Mhz/128 = 656.250 KHz
//
// 44.1Khz = CD Sample Rate
// Lets aim for as close to the CD Sample Rate as we can get -
//
// 42Mhz/44.1Khz = 952.38
// 10.5Mhz/44.1Khz = 238.09 // best fit divide by 8 = TIMER_CLOCK2 and 238 ticks per sample
// 2.625Hmz/44.1Khz = 59.5
// 656Khz/44.1Khz = 14.88

// 84Mhz/44.1Khz = 1904 instructions per tick

// the phase accumulator points to the current sample in our wavetable
uint32_t ulPhaseAccumulator = 0;
// the phase increment controls the rate at which we move through the wave table
// higher values = higher frequencies
volatile uint32_t ulPhaseIncrement = 0;   // 32 bit phase increment, see below

// full waveform = 0 to SAMPLES_PER_CYCLE
// Phase Increment for 1 Hz =(SAMPLES_PER_CYCLE_FIXEDPOINT/SAMPLE_RATE) = 1Hz
// Phase Increment for frequency F = (SAMPLES_PER_CYCLE/SAMPLE_RATE)*F
#define SAMPLE_RATE 44100.0
#define SAMPLES_PER_CYCLE 600
#define SAMPLES_PER_CYCLE_FIXEDPOINT (SAMPLES_PER_CYCLE<<20)
#define TICKS_PER_CYCLE (float)((float)SAMPLES_PER_CYCLE_FIXEDPOINT/(float)SAMPLE_RATE)

// to represent 600 we need 10 bits
// Our fixed point format will be 10P22 = 32 bits


// We have 521K flash and 96K ram to play with

// Create a table to hold the phase increments we need to generate midi note frequencies at our 44.1Khz sample rate
#define MIDI_NOTES 128
uint32_t nMidiPhaseIncrement[MIDI_NOTES];

// fill the note table with the phase increment values we require to generate the note
void createNoteTable(float fSampleRate)
{
  for(uint32_t unMidiNote = 0;unMidiNote < MIDI_NOTES;unMidiNote++)
  {
    // Correct calculation for frequency
    Serial.print(unMidiNote);
    Serial.print(" ");
    float fFrequency = ((pow(2.0,(unMidiNote-69.0)/12.0)) * 440.0);
    Serial.print(fFrequency);
    Serial.print(" ");
   
    nMidiPhaseIncrement[unMidiNote] = fFrequency*TICKS_PER_CYCLE;
    Serial.println(nMidiPhaseIncrement[unMidiNote]);
  }
}

// Create a table to hold pre computed sinewave, the table has a resolution of 600 samples
#define WAVE_SAMPLES 600
// default int is 32 bit, in most cases its best to use uint32_t but for large arrays its better to use smaller
// data types if possible, here we are storing 12 bit samples in 16 bit ints
uint16_t nSineTable[WAVE_SAMPLES];

// create the individual samples for our sinewave table
void createSineTable()
{
  for(uint32_t nIndex = 0;nIndex < WAVE_SAMPLES;nIndex++)
  {
    // normalised to 12 bit range 0-4095
    nSineTable[nIndex] = (uint16_t)  (((1+sin(((2.0*PI)/WAVE_SAMPLES)*nIndex))*4095.0)/2);
    Serial.println(nSineTable[nIndex]);
  }
}

void setup()
{
  Serial.begin(9600);

  createNoteTable(SAMPLE_RATE);
  createSineTable();
 
  /* turn on the timer clock in the power management controller */
  pmc_set_writeprotect(false);
  pmc_enable_periph_clk(ID_TC4);

  /* we want wavesel 01 with RC */
  TC_Configure(/* clock */TC1,/* channel */1, TC_CMR_WAVE | TC_CMR_WAVSEL_UP_RC | TC_CMR_TCCLKS_TIMER_CLOCK2);
  TC_SetRC(TC1, 1, 238); // sets <> 44.1 Khz interrupt rate
  TC_Start(TC1, 1);
 
  // enable timer interrupts on the timer
  TC1->TC_CHANNEL[1].TC_IER=TC_IER_CPCS;
  TC1->TC_CHANNEL[1].TC_IDR=~TC_IER_CPCS;
 
  /* Enable the interrupt in the nested vector interrupt controller */
  /* TC4_IRQn where 4 is the timer number * timer channels (3) + the channel number (=(1*3)+1) for timer1 channel1 */
  NVIC_EnableIRQ(TC4_IRQn);

  // this is a cheat - enable the DAC
  analogWrite(DAC0,0);
}

void loop()
{
  // read analog input 0 drop the range from 0-1024 to 0-127 with a right shift 3 places,
  // then look up the phaseIncrement required to generate the note in our nMidiPhaseIncrement table
  uint32_t ulInput = analogRead(0);
  ulPhaseIncrement = nMidiPhaseIncrement[ulInput>>3];
}

void TC4_Handler()
{
  // We need to get the status to clear it and allow the interrupt to fire again
  TC_GetStatus(TC1, 1);
 
  ulPhaseAccumulator += ulPhaseIncrement;   // 32 bit phase increment, see below

  // if the phase accumulator over flows - we have been through one cycle at the current pitch,
  // now we need to reset the grains ready for our next cycle
  if(ulPhaseAccumulator > SAMPLES_PER_CYCLE_FIXEDPOINT)
  {
   // DB 02/Jan/2012 - carry the remainder of the phase accumulator
   ulPhaseAccumulator -= SAMPLES_PER_CYCLE_FIXEDPOINT;
   }

  // get the current sample  
  uint32_t ulOutput = nSineTable[ulPhaseAccumulator>>20];
 
  // we cheated and user analogWrite to enable the dac, but here we want to be fast so
  // write directly 
  dacc_write_conversion_data(DACC_INTERFACE, ulOutput);
}

68 comments:

  1. i think there might be something wrong, it appears that the output frequency is locked to the ISR frequency. at the highest position on the pot i am using to test, i get 11.03 khz,(probably 11.025 but my scope only has 2 decimal places for frequency) then as you gradually turn the voltage down, you see the waveform change but it doesnt change frequency till it skips to 8.82 khz.

    also when i toggle a digital out on the ISR, and use it for scope sync, it is always steady when im using sync on the output waveform. i would expect it to move around a bit

    best regards

    neutron7

    ReplyDelete
  2. Hi,
    The ISR operates at a fixed frequency of 44.1khz, which does not change regardless of the selected frequency. As for the output frequency, Try replacing the line that reads your input potentiometer with one that just sets ulInput to 69 which is Middle A on the piano, You should see an output frequency of 440hz.

    let me know

    Duane B

    ReplyDelete
  3. i was hoping to make it voltage controllable as well, so i made it a bit more like Adrian Freeds version. i changed the number of samples to 512, that way the "reset to zero if over SAMPLES_PER_CYCLE_FIXEDPOINT" can be removed, and it naturally rolls over when the phase accumulator passes the highest number in a 32 bit integer.then you get the "proper" remainder added to zero and the wave doesn't hard sync to the sample rate.

    I had to tweak a couple of other things but it doesnt actually seem that much different to my "old arduino" lo fi version.

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2BHwqN3VnFw

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Hi, I have updated the ISR to carry the remainder of the phase accumulator - removing the hard synch and also allowing for sample rates that are not powers of 2

      Duane B

      Delete
  4. thanks for pioneering work in getting the DUE to make waves like i was hoping it would! i can skip almost all the external circuitry now!

    ReplyDelete
  5. Hi, I went with the unconventional 600 sample waveforms because I am planning to experiment with the huge waveform collection that adventure kid has made available. I have them on an SD Card connected to the due at the moment. Here is a link to the waveform collections - http://www.adventurekid.se/akrt/waveforms/adventure-kid-waveforms/

    Duane B

    ReplyDelete
  6. Hello, The waveforms on adventurekid are .wav files. Did you find a "simple" way to convert them into a list of 16 bits numbers, and then convert them to 12 bit ?

    Gaétan

    ReplyDelete
  7. Hi,
    What I intended to do was open the files in thier original form from an SD Card attached to the Due, read the headers to find the start of the actual waveform data and then just import that part to memory. In the short term I did something similar which was a bit fo a hack. I slowed down on this project for two reasons 1) The DAC Output of my Due died, this is a common problem so be careful, try and use a 500 Ohm resistor whenever you connect the DAC to anything. 2) The waveforms are different shades of the same thing, I didn't have any immediate ideas of how to build something interesting with them - I am not a musician - and so I went back to trying to get more interesting Audio out of the 8-bit Arduinos. Let me know if you come up with something.

    Duane.

    ReplyDelete
  8. I reassure you, I'm a musician, but me neither I don't know how to make interesting waveforms (you would have to be mathemusician maybe). I thougth too to read wav files on SD card, but if I could integrate some waveforms directly in the arduino memory, it could be great. It's possible to write a little program in Python or with Processing to do this, but if it already exists... anyway, I will tell you when I find, or write a program.
    Thanks for the caution about DAC output. I didn't manage to have DAC0 working, but DAC1 is playing well in my mixer since a week without a resistor. I will put one anyway just in case.
    I made a synth with 3 Osc, 4 voices polyphony, enveloppes, LFO, filter in 44100 with your tutos and Mozzi, and now try to load more waveforms.
    Due is... WoW ! so more powerfull than Uno !

    ReplyDelete
  9. Ah sorry, I realize I misunderstood what you said about waveforms (scuse me, I'm french).

    In fact, a single waveform is not so interesting, because if you have several simple oscillators, you can build anyway all sorts of waveforms by mixing, detuning, saturating, ring modulating the simple waveforms sawtooth, triangle, sine and square.
    Waveforms it's as you buy a statue instead of clay. It's the only interest.
    But it's not the frequence form of a sound we hear which is interesting, it's its evolution in the time. And for that, wavetable is VERY interesting. It's a table of waveforms, which can make a more complex, evoluting sound, like a human voice for exemple.
    Waveform can only make whistle, or flute sound for exemple.
    The principle :
    Program loop on the first waveform, then when certain time is passed read the second waveform, etc... until the last waveform, which will make transition to the first waveform.
    It's loops in loops.
    You can change speed of wavetable loop (change the speed of the "phrase") or/and speed of waveforms (change the note).

    It's very difficult to build a wavetable, but one way is by applying morphing to waveforms, so it's interesting to have a lot of waveforms.

    Hope I was clear

    ReplyDelete
  10. Hi, Your right and thats the problem, we would essentially be building 12 bit versions of techniques that have already been built at higher resolution on better hardware, for example the Korg Ms-10 running on Nintendo DS or the Ms-20 on IPad. Thats partly why I went back to 8-bits its more accessible and more enjoyable to see how you can make something that sounds new and interesting within the limitations. Duane

    ReplyDelete
  11. And here it is, the Nintendo Korg DS-10
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8UB1AZPXJoA

    Pocket sized power.

    Duane B

    ReplyDelete
  12. That's true about synthesis.
    But about 12bit sampling, it's another story. A lot of Akai samplers from 80-90's which were 12bit have a sound still popular (and expensive !).
    With Due I think you can make this kind of samplers (except DAC maybe) and you can use SD cards to store samples ! And there's a lot to do to improve human-machine interface for low-cost (NDS touchscreen 2$, distance sensors 8 $, LED matrix 2 $, etc).

    For me Ms-10 has not enough functionalities, and Ms-20 interface is too complicated... and they don't tempt me on making music, unlike simple things like monotron, or Korg i-kaossilator (speaking about ipad).

    Like you say, "cheap sound generators" like 8-bit still have its interests, and I think the most important will be interface and workflow.

    Speaking about nice effects on 8 bit, I tried LowPassFilter from Mozzi, and it's working pretty well :

    // set feedback amount given f and q between 0 and 1
    fb = q + q/(1.0 - f);

    // for each sample...
    buf0 = buf0 + f * (in - buf0 + fb * (buf0 - buf1));
    buf1 = buf1 + f * (buf0 - buf1);
    out = buf1;

    Beginning with buf0=0

    I don't know how it works,... but it works !

    ReplyDelete
  13. Hi, True, the option of carrying around a pocket sampler with a nice playback interface would be great. I have a monotron an love that its pick up and play and that there are so many sounds to explore - mainly from the filter. I was going to ask you about the Mozzi filter, I have been messing around with the hardware filter on the Nebulophone but its a bit on/off so will have a look at Mozzi.

    Duane

    ReplyDelete
  14. OK, I made a little Processing (very non-optimized code, but don't care) which can print out samples of a mono-16bit .wav file, in a txt file, with 12bit values (between 0 and 4096).
    I tried with some of adventurekid waveforms, and it works (except some extra strange value at the end of the file, you can just cut them).
    So now, I can load directly the samples in the memory of the Arduino.
    Here is the Processing code without commentaries :

    // Change the name of the wave file of the wave form
    byte b[] = loadBytes("AKWF_sin_0001.wav");


    int buf;

    PrintWriter wavtab = createWriter("wavtable.txt");;

    String output = "";

    print("AudioFormat ");
    println (b[20]);
    print("NumChannels ");
    println (b[22]);
    buf = (b[24]&0xff)+(b[25]&0xff)*256;
    print("SampleRate ");
    println(buf);


    for (int i = 44; i < b.length; i+=2) {

    int a1 = b[i] ;
    int a2 = b[i+1] ;
    float a3 = ((a1+128)+(a2*256)+32768)/16;
    int out = (int)a3;
    output = output + out;

    wavtab.print(output);
    wavtab.println(",");
    output = "";

    }

    wavtab.flush();

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Gaétan Ro:

      You can avoid picking up the "strange values" at the end of the adventurekid .wav files by restricting the values to the actual the data chunk. There's a 4-byte integer starting at index 40 that describes the length of the data chunk. If you decode that value, and call it, say, dataLength, and change this line:
      for (int i = 44; i < b.length; i+=2) {
      to this:
      for (int i = 44; i < dataLength; i+=2) {
      then you won't see the extraneous values.

      Those extraneous data are actually a "Sample" chunk, added to the file after the data chunk. It's intended to describe how a MIDI sampling instrument should use the .wav sample data in the data chunk. All of the adventurekid files I've looked at have identical sample chunks. Most of the fields are blank. The sample chunk says that the duration of the sample is 22675 nanoseconds, and that the sample starts at index 0 and runs to index 599, all of which seems to be correct. However, it also appears to claim that the note is MIDI note number 60, middle C. Based on the sample length of 600 at 44.1kHz, I calculate a fundamental frequency of 73.5 Hz, close to a D2, almost two octaves below middle C. That part appears to be incorrect.

      Delete
    2. Hi for a single cycle waveform the frequency comes from how fast you cycle through the samples, there is nothing in the samples themselves that relates to frequency. I assume that its a different case in a synth where you might pick different versions of the waveform depending on the note, for example a low note on a saxophone would have a different waveform than a note four octaves higher - thats my guess anyway.
      Duane B

      Delete
    3. Indeed, there's nothing about the sample that forces you to use it at any particular frequency for a DDS implementation.

      In the adventurekid .wav files, though, there is some data beyond the actual samples - the "extra strange value at the end of the file" noted by Gaétan Ro, above. That data is called a "sample chunk." It's purpose is to tell a MIDI device how to use the samples in the file. One of the parameters that the sample chunk defines is the MIDI note number that corresponds to the tone that would be produced by delivering the samples at the rate defined in the file's format chunk - in this case, 44100 Hz. The note number shown in the sample chunk is 60, which is middle C, or C4. The files all contain 600 samples, for a period of about 13.6 ms, and a frequency of 73.5 Hz, precisely. That's a little higher than the canonical frequency of about 73.4 Hz for D2 - a long way from C4. So, note 60 looks to me to be incorrect for these files.

      My intent is simply to describe how to avoid picking up the "extra" data beyond the actual samples, and to describe what that extra data is. Having described it, it seems prudent to mention that the data looks to have a quirk. I don't know whether any MIDI devices ever use the data in a "sample chunk" in practice, but, if they do, then using these files in such a device may lead to unexpected results.

      Delete
    4. Thanks for the clarification,

      Duane B

      Delete
    5. Thanks too. I didn't see in wave file descriptions that it could contain chunks after the sound data.
      In case of waveforms, the file always represents one cycle, so the frequency only depends on sample length. Indeed, as you said, the extra data is not usefull.

      Delete
  15. Hi,
    If you look through the examples that are supplied with the Arduino SD Card library there are some that traverse a directory tree listing all files. You could adapt your code and one of these sketches to convert all of the .wav files on an SD Card into a Due friendly format. You would then be able to pick any one of 1,000s of waveforms into memory whenever you needed it.

    Duane B

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Hello,
      Yeah, good idea ! I did this directly with Processing, to generate .h files I put in my arduino sketch.
      I tried to add some of these waveforms in the code, but I think it overloads my memory. I apply the system you use to load 600 occurs tables. With the three first (sine, saw, square) it's ok, but when I add a waveform, arduino crashes (if I add only a 300 samples waveform it's ok, but with 600 samples, it crashes). The tables of 600 2-bytes integers would take 1,2k RAM memory. Due has 96k of RAM, so I thought I could store at least a dozen of waveforms in RAM, but I must be missing something...

      The code is like this :

      int wave[600];

      void waveform()
      {
      wave[0]= aaaa;
      wave[1]= bbbb;
      ...
      wave[599]=cccc;
      }

      Delete
  16. Hi,
    I used functions to fill the wavetables because the functions were calculating the values. If you already know the values which in your case you do, you can create the arrays directly using the values. If you have a look at the Auduino with delay here - http://rcarduino.blogspot.com/2012/11/auduino-with-delay.html you will see how the antilogTable and midiTable are created and initialised directly with their values.

    This might not fix things immediatley, but it is a more conventional approach to creating arrays when you know the values in advance.

    Duane B

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Thanks, it's working now! I don't know why, because it should take the same RAM. Maybe because the binary module takes a lot less flash memory...
      When I added a dozen of waveforms, I had to lower my polyphony (I had 4 notes polyphony with 3 osc per voice, it was too much for the poor Due). Now with 2 notes polyphony it's ok. My code is not yet totaly optimized. For exemple, I compute filter with float (I tried to convert in 32bit integers with the technique you explained in an other post, but it didn't work), but can say that Due is powerfull enough to be a good synth.

      But can it be a sampler ? With 96k of RAM, I can store... 2 seconds of mono wavefile at 44kHz. Not enough, even with single drum-shots. I see two other solutions :
      . Reading directly the SD card. But is it quick enough to play in realtime ?
      . Storing in the flash memory. I saw in the Due specs that you can store data in the flash memory instead of RAM. There would be 512k, that is more acceptable. But I couldn't load other samples after the boot of Arduino.

      Delete
  17. Hi,
    I think the Due can be a practical sampler. The DUE has direct memory access capabilities which run in the background and can perform extremely fast transfers to and from external memory including SD Cards. I have no experience with this, but I beleive that SD Cards are available in different classes with different speed ratings, the higher speed cards have massive data transfer rates and so does the Due when using DMA. There are some related posts on the Arduino forum if you search in the Due section for 'SDFat'

    Duane

    ReplyDelete
  18. Are you using the Mozzi filter or something else ? I want to try afilter this weekend

    Duane

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Yes, Mozzi filter. Very musical filter.
      How I added it in your sketch :

      float f=0.5;
      float fb;
      float q=0.3;
      float buf0 = 0;
      float buf1 = 0 ;

      setup()
      {
      ....
      fb = q+q/(1.0 - f);
      }

      float nextfilter(float in)
      {
      buf0 = buf0 + f*(in-buf0 + fb*(buf0-buf1));
      buf1 = buf1 + f*(buf0-buf1);

      return (buf1*4096);
      }

      void TC4_Handler()
      {
      ....
      // get the current sample
      uint32_t ulOutput = nSineTable[ulPhaseAccumulator>>20];

      if(ulOutput>10) ulOutput = (nextfilter(ulOutput))>>14;

      }

      I think you can make a cleaner code.
      It's important to put the condition (ulOutput>10), because I remarked that if the filter applies to an output which went back to 0, it stays at 0 (I can't explain this).

      Delete
    2. Sorry, last line is :

      if(ulOutput>10) ulOutput = nextfilter(ulOutput)/16384;

      Of course, you will have to try on a square or saw waveform, ther won't be no effect on sine.

      Delete
  19. Hi,
    I just added the mozzi filter to an Auduino type synth running on an UNO. I am really surprised how good the filter is, its much better than the hardware filter on the Nebulphone. On the UNO I was able to add the mozzi lowpassfilter.h and .cpp files with no modification.

    Duane B

    ReplyDelete
  20. Hi, This is the Arduino Due forum post that discusses the SDFat library and its read/write speed. Why do we care ? well its easily fast enough to allow for capture and play back of high resolution samples and as far as I can tell it works in the background using hardware so it will not get in the way of time sensitive waveform generation code.

    http://arduino.cc/forum/index.php/topic,135439.0.html

    Duane B

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. It works ! I don't believe it myself. So now I can read one-shot samples and waveforms directly on a SD card.
      I load two buffers in the main loop (as soon as one is finished to be read), and I read them in the timer1. I tried with different sizes of buffer, 256 to 4096 are working.
      Now I didn't try yet to play samples in the same time as the synth, or play several different samples at a time. And I don't know if loading buffers in the main loop is the best, because it's here too I detect data input (midi, controllers, etc...). Maybe a dedicated timer would be safer.
      If you're interested by the code, you can tell. It's a bit long, so I don't dare to post it there.

      Delete
  21. Yeah, thanx ! I will test this week and give you feedback.
    I will try with one shot samples. If it is possible to play 44kHz samples, il must be possible to access directly to adventurekid waveforms on the SD to generate oscillator sound, without loading them in RAM. It would be amazing. It would be possible to choose between thousands of waveform for oscillators !
    I saw somewhere that it's possible to buffer 512 bytes in 1ms reading a SD card. So for reading 2 bytes (16 bit) 44 times per millseconds (44kHz), it's theoricaly enough.

    About Mozzi filter, I was surprised too. So a simple alogorithm to produce a so complex thing that is LP filter...
    Now it would be great to find the equivalence to produce HP and BP filter :-)

    ReplyDelete
  22. Hi, If you read through the source code for the mozzi filter, its adapted from an original alrogithm on musicdsp.org, there are hundreds of algorithms published there - If I am honest I looked here before and saw two and three line algorithms which I assumed would not be very interesting - I am wrong ! Have a look, there are many other filters to try - http://musicdsp.org/

    ReplyDelete
  23. The original mozzi filter, I might try another port of this and see if its less noisey with high resonance -

    http://musicdsp.org/showArchiveComment.php?ArchiveID=29

    ReplyDelete
  24. I started a library on github, inspired by your work (I hope it doesn't bother you) :
    https://github.com/Gaetino/Groovuino
    The code for sampler is in "sampler.h"
    In the exemple.ino, I have one monophonic 3 osc synthesizer with LP Filter running with 3 samples layers, reading on SD Card directly. Synth must be controlled by MIDI sequencer. Everything runs fine, and the code can be better optimized. So I think the possibilities of Arduino Due are very very great. I will post a soundcloud file as soon as I will have a correct exemple song.
    Next improvements : loading osc waveforms from SD Card, implementing several filters from musicdsp, imlplementing note change on sampler (reading faster/slower) and reverse plyaing, adding a second synth layer...

    ReplyDelete
  25. Hi,
    I look forward to hearing the sample track. There was a musicdsp filter that I wanted to port, I will let you know which one so thhave at we do not duplicate the same effort although I just bought a boat so it might take me a little longer to get around to this.

    Duane B

    ReplyDelete
  26. This is the one, I was planning to rework it using fix point longs instead of floats or doubles -

    http://musicdsp.org/showArchiveComment.php?ArchiveID=26

    Duane B

    ReplyDelete
  27. Hello,
    I already tried this filter (the name seems so pretentious !), but didn't manage to make it work. But I'm a noob in C++, so if you manage to do something, I'll be very instersted.

    This ones worked :

    fb = q + q/(1.0 - f);

    // loop
    hp = in - buf0;
    bp = buf0 - buf1;
    buf0 = buf0 + f * (hp + fb * bp);
    buf1 = buf1 + f * (buf0 - buf1);

    out = buf1; // lowpass
    out = bp; // bandpass
    out = hp; // highpass

    It's the complement of Mozzi LPF. You just have to add the two lines "hp" and "bp" in Mozzi LowPassFilter.h, and add a switch to choose between LP/HP/BP, and it works.

    I even did a 3 bands equalizer with this, it works fine.

    A boat !! Waow. Indeed, except sailing during 3 weeks alone in the pacific, with a computer and arduino stuffs, and having good wifi hotpoints in the middle of ocean, I don't know how you will find the time !

    ReplyDelete
  28. Here it is :
    https://soundcloud.com/gaetino/groovuino

    It's not good, just a "proof of concept". I use a monophonic synth 2osc (saw and square) + 1 subosc, Mozzi LP and HP filter, and 3 layers of samples. Arduino is MIDI-sequenced by an old RM1X :-)
    I didn't apply any processing of the sound after recording, just normalize because the level was low.

    ReplyDelete
  29. Hi,
    I really like the clip, if its okay with you I will add a link to it in the main post to give a taste of what is possible with Due.

    Coming back to filters, I have been experimenting with using a single pot to provide manual control and LFO control over the cutoff frequency. I have a Arduino UNO Based Nebulophone which uses this approach and its quite neat to play with.

    The Nebulophone - Getting a lot from 8-bits
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jjp_31kbpY

    Over the bottom half of the filter pot range, you have manual control, over the top half you can adjust a filter LFO rate, you can get a Dub Step type of a sound by sweep from the manual half into the LFOed filter and back again.

    Having said all of the I really need to stop messing around with the 8-bit platforms and pay some serious attention to the Due like you have.

    Duane B

    ReplyDelete
  30. Hello,
    Yes, of course, you can use the link as you want.

    LFO was my next step.
    My dilemna for the wobble bass : do I use an internal LFO in the synth, or the sequencer's LFO... first solution takes more CPU, and second solution sends too much MIDI-control changes messages to the synth, and I had some problems with that. Anyway, I will code the 2 solutions, and make it possible to choose between one and other.
    Now, about the LFO development :
    First of all, I was thinking that I would just take a table-oscillator and change the range of frequency. But for very low frequency (for exemple 3 Hz), are the 600 occurences of the table enough ? At 44100 Hz, you would need 14700 occurences to fill one cycle (so repeat 25 times each occurence of the table). Is the problem earable? or I'm just nitpicking ?

    And yeah, 8 bit on arduino Uno is fun, but there is so unexplored territory on the 12bit Due...
    For exemple, if the performance in writing data on SD card is like the reading performances, imagine the delay effects you can do ! (or even phrase recorders !)
    It should be also possible to import loops and not only one-shot samples...

    Gaétan

    ReplyDelete
  31. Hi, For using wavetables with very low frequencies the usual approach is to 'interpolate' inbetween the samples. Basically you take the two nearest values from your wavetable to the sample you want and calculate the missing value based on an imaginary line between the two samples. This requires a fair bit of maths so is not ideal inside a timer interrupt. A better approach might be to load a six hundred sample wavetable from SD and expand it into a higher resolution table in memory - I am not sure that you will hear any benefit though.

    Duane B

    ReplyDelete
  32. Hi,
    Finally, I don't hear any differences between 600 samples wavetable and higher resolution wavetables.

    I started a blog, because I don't want to put 2 kilometers of comments on yours. I've started to describe the library I wrote, and to build a simple hardware to control the synth/groovebox. I've stolen a lot of your ideas, I hope you don't mind.

    Here it is (still a lot of work) :
    http://groovuino.blogspot.com/

    ReplyDelete
  33. Hi Gaétan,
    I have added a link to your sound cloud and your new blog in the main content of the post above. I will look forward to building a groovuino

    Duane

    ReplyDelete
  34. Hi,

    Anyone following this post might be interested in submitting some of thier compositions to this radio show in Italy -

    http://www.gwenstival.com/call-for-arduino-synth-music/

    The application form is in english, google translate will give you the background information if you dont have italian.

    Duane B

    ReplyDelete
  35. Hi Duane,

    I have a fairly dumb question, and maybe I'm misinterpreting part of the code. If "Our fixed point format will be 10P22 = 32 bits", then why do you shift the ulPhaseAccumulator by 20 and not 22 here?

    uint32_t ulOutput = nSineTable[ulPhaseAccumulator>>20];

    Thanks,
    - Bret

    ReplyDelete
  36. Hi
    I just want a sine wave on A0 to be phase shifted out on DUE DAC. The phase shift needs to be adjustable. It sounds simple but somehow the code eludes me. Can anyone post a sketch that works?
    Thanks Tom S

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Tom S,
      Have you figured this out yet, its pretty easy, all you need is a variable named phaseOffset. To get 180 degrees of offset its the number of samples you have divided by 2, to get 1 degree of offset its the number of samples divided by 360. To get n degrees of offset its n*(number of samples/360).

      Its a little more difficult because we are using fix point arithmetic to do the maths, but have a go and see where you get.

      Duane B

      Delete
  37. This is perfect - I just got a Due and I needed a quick entry into audio handling. Your post and accompanying code has given me a great start - many thanks.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Further to the thanks and acknowledgement above, I just posted a description of my first DUE audio application on my blog...
      http://m0xpd.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/arduino-dsp.html
      I have a band-pass filter with adjustable bandwidth implemented using Fast Convolution at 44.1kHz sample rate. I'm using some resources from the CMSIS DSP library.
      Whilst the current application is for Amateur Radio, the potential for extension to other uses is obvious.
      Unfortunately the code is not Open Source at the moment.

      Delete
  38. Hi
    I like to make a sinuswave with 21MHz with my Arduino Due. The prozessor has a clock speed of 84MHz, so it should be possible. Does your code or the software in general also allow such things?
    Thanks, David

    ReplyDelete
  39. Yes, its a very simple change to the code above to do exactly what you want - a single line change.

    Duane.

    ReplyDelete
  40. Hi, I'm new to Arduino and DDS techniques. Is it the ticks per cycle variable that determines how fast the values are being read from the sine table? I know that the output frequency is equal to update rate/samples per period. I want to achieve between 20-100 KHz sinuswave signal. Also could someone explain why the phase increment values are not constant. Thanks

    ReplyDelete
  41. #define SAMPLES_PER_CYCLE_FIXEDPOINT (SAMPLES_PER_CYCLE<<20)
    // to represent 600 we need 10 bits
    // Our fixed point format will be 10P22 = 32 bits

    Can someone please explain to me why it is shifted left 20 instead of 22???
    I saw that when I tried shifting 22, my expected frequency output was divided by 4.
    Is it an overflow issue... or???

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. I talked with a professor, he seemed to think (based on what I told him) that somehow two bits of zero (00) were being tacked to the end based on how the Arduino code is constructed?

      Please help

      Delete
    2. I talked with the same professor again.

      He thinks it has to do with how the byte addresses function.

      If you have a table representing byte addresses-----------
      _0__1__2__3_
      0 | | | | |
      4 | | | | |
      8 | | | | |
      12 | | | | |

      _00_01_ 10_11_
      0000 | | | | |
      0100 | | | | |
      1000 | | | | |
      1100 | | | | |

      Notice the last 2 digits are always 00 for the address. It is then possible to exclude these digits and still have the fixed point numbers process correctly.

      Thus, a bit shift of 16 is all that is necessary.

      Delete
    3. Can anyone verify?

      Delete
    4. I found this website, see the equation at the bottom of page 3.
      http://www.analog.com/media/en/training-seminars/tutorials/MT-085.pdf

      f0 = M* fc / 2^N

      If there is a bit shift left 16, then M has a strange factor of 4 associated with it, creating a frequency that is 4 times what is expected.

      If there is a bit shift left 18, then M works as expected. The output frequency I wanted is 30kHz:

      30000 = M* 500000 (sample rate) / 2^32

      M = 30000 / 500000 * 2^32 = 2576980377.6

      So then any frequency I want can be calculated as f0 = 2576980377.6*500000/2^32;

      In conclusion, either works, but the bit shift 16 is for this specific application, and a bit shift left 18 makes the math easier for a different application.

      I am still not sure if the shift 16 has anything to do with overflow or the byte addresses as I have previously mentioned.

      Delete
    5. I apologize that I am in error here, but its a valuable lesson which I am surprised your professor did not pick up on - or maybe he just wanted you to think the problem through ?

      The lesson which you will see throughout your life in software is that 'the code does not always do what the comments say it should'.

      Engineers always focus on updating the code to fix whatever the current issue is and will often forget to update the comments accordingly.

      In my case the fixed point format is 12p20 not 10p22 as in the comments. Sorry for any inconvenience and I hope that the time you have spent on this will save you for trusting comments in the future at a time when it really counts.

      Duane.

      Delete
  42. I recently tried to use the groovuino library.. When trying out the mono synth example from the blog I don't hear any sound from the dac? The dac is tested and works fine just not with this sketch?
    Could anyone help? I'd like to have a go at using the library as it seems the only audio library for the due..
    Thanks in advance..

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Have you tried contacting Gaetano who produced the Groovuino library ?

      I stopped using the Due as I didn't see a place for it. The 8 bit Arduino's bring a bit of character to audio projects, are very well supported with sample projects and libraries and are very robust to mistakes while experimenting.

      A lot of people including me accidentally burnt out the Due DAC through easily avoidable but common mistakes. I also felt that the 12 bit sound from the Due was to closer to the sound of a bad soft synth rather than the thick crunchy sound unique to the 8 bit devices. I felt that there was nothing to gain by working in 12 bits rather than going straight to a PC Based soft synth or staying with the 8 bits that I had been enjoying.

      Duane.

      Delete
  43. I have to say a big "thank you" for the code and explanations of DDS!
    I use the code with a STM32F103RET (dev board for 6-8USD on aliexpress) with stm32duino (STM32 for Arduino). I managed getting it to work with two cheap PT8211 I2s 16-bit DAC's (with DMA!) , so I have 4 individual outputs for analog filters. There are big advantages with STM32: "real" USB-Midi, 3 x SPI (2 are with I2s) so TFT, 2-4MB winbond flash RAM, encoders, knobs,buttons...everything is possible with one chip! I also wrote a code which can import waldorf blofeld multiwavetables on the fly.
    You can visit us at: http://www.stm32duino.com/index.php

    ReplyDelete
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